Family structure is the composition and membership of the family. Most of past and recent researches have only shown the effect of family structure on children’s cognition. Due to the insufficiency in the study of the effects of family structure on children’s personality and cognition, this paper therefore aims at reporting the findings of research carried out on 40 samples of Russian children (7-10 years) and their parents, in order to determine the extent to which family structure (parents’ marital status) influence children’s personality (sense of personal volition) and cognition. The results obtained at the end of this research showed that family structure (in terms of parents’ marital status) indeed influence children’s personality and cognition.