Recently, educators are becoming interested in exploring the use of mindfulness-based approaches
to learning and teaching a foreign language. Through these approaches they tend to reduce stress
(for teachers and students alike), enhance and improve classroom atmosphere, and help students
to focus their attention, and even think more clearly (Tregenza, 2008; Yager, 2009; Collins et al.,
2011). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of mindfulness techniques on
the development of critical reading abilities of EFL learners in literature courses. Although much
research has been conducted in the realm of mindfulness and positive effects are reported on stress
reduction, relaxed environment, and so forth, research on the role of mindfulness in students’
critical reading performance is scarce. To this end, a quasi-experimental study was undertaken
with the participation of 35 BA students (both male and female) majoring in English language
and literature. The participants were divided into two groups of mindful and less mindful students
based on their scores on Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Data were collected while
students were engaged in some mindfulness techniques before they performed different forms of
critical reading activities. A critical reading test was used as pre and posttest to investigate the gain
in critical reading ability, if any, after the treatment. Paired-samples T-test through SPSS software
was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the
mean scores of pre-test and post-test of all the participants. However, since both meditative and
socio-cognitive mindfulness practice was utilized in this study, further research is required to shed
light on the nature of mindfulness in some new ways and explore the differential effects of these
two approaches. Overall, the findings of this study will be beneficial for teachers to be aware of
some mindfulness techniques and use them in their classes in order to give students the opportunity
of learning in a more relaxed and focused environment.
Author : Mahmoud Azizi
Exploring Literature Reading Classes in Terms of Types of Feedback Provided by EFL Teachers: Does Teaching Experience Play a Determining Role?
eading comprehension is thought to be a very challenging skill for L2 (second language) learners, and definitely the role that feedback has in enhancing reading achievement is undeniable. To shed more light on the issue, this study aimed to investigate the types of feedback utilized by EFL teachers in L2 reading comprehension classes at the intermediate level. The study took a step forward and explored the role of years of teaching experience in the provision of feedback. The study also examined the frequency of different types of errors that EFL learners committed in reading comprehension classes. To this end, an observational and descriptive study was conducted. Six EFL teachers along with their L2 learners at the intermediate level participated in the study. Three of these teachers were novices and the other three were experienced. The data were drawn from transcripts of audio recording of the selected teachers’ reading comprehension classes. Following the analysis, the corrective feedback types and the errors were coded using the coding categories identified in Lyster and Ranta’s (1997) model. Two other corrective feedback types were added – translation and multiple feedback. The frequency count and percentage were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that recasts were the most frequently used feedback type in both groups of teachers. Moreover, both experienced and novice teachers preferred to use varied corrective feedback types at different distributions which may suggest that there is a significant difference between novice and experienced teachers’ use of corrective feedback types. Regarding the error types, the analysis of the data showed that among four types of errors, the phonological errors were the most commonly errors committed by EFL learners in reading comprehension classes. The implications are discussed in the study.