Contents
Dinara Bisimbaeva
Editorial. Key Principles of Peer Review 6
Branka Radulović, Alena Haškova, Stanislava Olić Ninković, Ljiljana Knežević
Adaptation and Empirical Evaluation of the Questionnaire on Mentor Teacher Burnout 10
Behrang Mohammad Salehi, Zainab Mousa Yaseen
The Impact of Teacher Motivational Practice on Improving EFL Learners’ Fluency and Accuracy in Speaking 18
Balwant Singh
Role of Educational Leadership for Sustainable Development 30
Rezeda Abdulina, Ildar Abitov, Inna Gorodetskaya, Gulsina Khaibullina, Kseniya Razumova, Anastasiya Novikova, Anastasiya Popkova
Influence of Parental Attitude and Parents’ Superstitiousness on Teenagers’ Superstitiousness 42
Inna Golovanova, Vlada Kugurakova, Anora Khamrayeva, Alexey Kazakov
Immersive Approaches in Teacher Students Training 55
Ekaterina Denisova, Pavel Ermakov, Nadezhda Sylka, Igor Kupriyanov
Psychological Aspects of Professional Performance and the Well-Being of Women in the Field of Education: Age Differences and Gender-wise Analysis of Correlation 72
Aliya Kalimullina
Two-way Feedback with the Use of Digital Tools in the Classroom: Effect Size 91
Vladimir Karapetyan, Alla Dallakyan, Marianna Amiraghyan, Vahram Qosakyan
Modular Approach to Educational Opportunities of Chess in the Training Process of Kindergarten Teachers106
Natalia Lyz, Alexander Lyz
The Phenomenon of Self-Education: Review of World Research Contexts 121
Maria Odintsova, Nataly Radchikova, Marina Sorokova, Ekaterina Polyanskaya, Dmitry Chernov, Nataliya Vasyagina, Natalia Khodyakova
Psychological Barriers to the Acceptance of the Digital Educational Environment by Students of Russian Universities 141
Tatiana Tikhomirova, Sergey Malykh
Estimating Accuracy of Quantity Representation During the Whole Schooling Period: Problems of Methods Development 157
Olga Tikhomirova
Professional Competence of the Teacher of Pre-professional Pedagogical Training of School Students: Development of Level Indicators 171
Albina Khalmetova
Transformation of the Content of Teacher Training in Russia in 1917-1941 187
Year : 2023
Editorial. Key Principles of Peer Review
Almost all my editorials were written drawing on the experience of working with authors. The articles examined issues that were considered controversial or challenging for authors. However, this editorial will focus on another important participants of the publication process, i.e. reviewers. Earlier we wrote about the history of peer review and discussed the need of open reviewing (Rushby, 2020), this time I am going to cover key principles of peer review.
During a review process a scholarly paper is subject to meticulous analysis from peers who are specialists in the same field as authors. Peer review ensures that articles meet the quality requirements and high standards in a given discipline (Kelly et al., 2014). This process filters out low quality manuscripts (ibid, 2014).
There are different peer review methods: open, single-blind, double-blind, public, cascading, and public disclosure (Smart, 2018). Despite this diversity, probably the widely used type is double-blind peer review. It is a model when the identity of authors and reviewers is not disclosed. This anonymity ensures objectivity which is perceived as a great advantage of double-blind review. However, this model can be criticized due to a lack of transparency (Rushby, 2020). Among other disadvantages is long review times (Kelly et al., 2014). Despite these drawbacks, the scientific community is not ready to switch over to alternative models of peer review.
Adaptation and Empirical Evaluation of the Questionnaire on Mentor Teacher Burnout
The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics of the questionnaire for teacher burnout. In this study, Teacher Burnout questionnaire developed by Wrench et al. was used. The survey was conducted in May 2022. The sample consisted of 103 teachers. Cronbach alpha was 0.974. The results showed that the surveyed teachers experience low burnout (M = 31.53, SD = 17.89). Although being a mentor or the years of experience did not prove to be a statistically significant parameter, it is noticed that teachers who are not involved in mentoring activities express a higher feeling of burnout than mentors. Teachers who have between 11 and 30 years of experience show the signs of burnout; even young teachers (up to 5 years of service) report feeling burnout to some degree. The obtained results should be seen as indicators for next changes in the Serbian education system in terms of reducing the demands placed on teachers, especially administrative tasks. Therefore, the main recommendation is aimed at the education policy makers to take into account as many parameters as possible when introducing new changes, especially an underlying risk for teachers’ burnout.
The Impact of Teacher Motivational Practice on Improving EFL Learners’ Fluency and Accuracy in Speaking
The current study sought to examine the impact of teacher motivational practice on the improvement of Iraqi high school EFL learners’ fluency and accuracy in speaking. To this end, 50 female Iraqi high school students in Baghdad were selected based on a placement test. To gather the required data, two instruments, namely the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) and a speaking test were utilized. The study utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design in which two dependent variables and one independent variable were applied. The participants joined a regular English teaching course for 18 consecutive sessions, three sessions each week. The last twenty minutes of each session was given to storytelling which was used as a motivational practice. Two different methods of storytelling were used for a cohort of students present in the control and experimental groups. After the intervention, the post-test was given to the participants to evaluate their improvement and to compare their performance with the pre-test. To analyze the data sets, an unpaired samples t-test was used to compare the means of the two groups. The results showed that teacher motivational practice improved Iraqi EFL high school learners’ fluency and accuracy in speaking. Lastly, the results and implications of the study were presented.
Role of Educational Leadership for Sustainable Development
Education is the strongest instrument for any development or change in the world. It is the most durable, acceptable and popular method of creating a change necessary for future development by creating willingness and self-awareness amongst people. Education geared towards sustainable development enables the individuals to gain knowledge, focused attitude, necessary skills and particular values which are essential for the formation of sustainable future (UNESCO, 2014). The foremost focus of Education for Sustainable Development is to improve the quality of life without damaging environment. In this fast-changing world, leadership is the basic element for making sustainable development through education and other factors. This paper aims to study the significance of educational leadership in promoting sustainable development, its basic principles, core competencies and approaches required for effective leadership. The study also explores the challenges faced by sustainable leadership and ways to overcome these challenges. With the help of literature review, it can be pointed out that to implement educational policies effectively, a system needs competent leaders who have multifaceted qualities. Though there are many challenges for educational leaders, visionary leaders can create sustainable education system which will in turn help in making sustainable development in the arena of economy, society, environment (Ecosystem & Biosphere), enhancing social justice and fight poverty.
Influence of Parental Attitude and Parents’ Superstitiousness on Teenagers’ Superstitiousness
The article addresses the empiric study of superstitious beliefs of teenagers influenced by the parent’s superstitions and parental attitudes. The population of the study included 46 adolescents aged 12-18 and 72 parents (mothers and fathers). The following methodology was used with the teenagers: “Superstitiousness Inventory” by Abitov, “Beliefs and Superstitions Questionnaire” by Stoyanova, questionnaire “Teenagers about Parents” by Wasserman, Gorkova, Romontzina and projective technique “Family sociogram” by Eidemiller and Nikilskaya. Parents were studied with the use of “Superstitiousness Inventory” by Abitov, “Beliefs and Superstitions Questionnaire” by Stoyanova, questionnaire “Family relationships analysis” (variant for parents who have 11-21-year-old children) by Eidemiller and Yustitskis and projective technique “Family sociogram” by Eidemiller, and Nikilskaya. It was found that the way teenagers experience parental attitude and peculiarities of parental attitude influence the superstitious beliefs of adolescents: father’s hostility and phobia of loss of a child contribute to the development of pralogical perception and magic anxiety; mother’s educational inconsistency contribute to the development of magical forecasting; father’s hostility, excessiveness and insufficiency of requirements for the child and emotional rejection promote the teenagers’ propensity for going to mentalists and for paying attention to signs; father’s directivity and mother’s low directivity impact the high level of superstitiousness. It was also revealed that various components of parental superstitiousness determine superstitiousness of teenagers by 55%.
Immersive Approaches in Teacher Students Training
The modern educational environment of the university is at the stage of active development of digital solutions to improve the learning process of students. The article discusses the possibilities of using virtual reality technology in the preparation of a future teacher. The approaches to the development of a project for the creation of a simulation simulator for the development of conflictological competence of students of pedagogical specialties, designed for training in immersive environments, are presented. The importance of using situational and constructivist learning in virtual reality is shown. The substantiation is given for the selected set of situational cases, the solution of which is possible in a virtual environment and will allow the future teacher to determine his behavior in pre-conflict and conflict situations with the aim of constructively resolving them or preventing them. The components of conflictological competence are described and an approach to assessing the effectiveness of its development is presented.
Psychological Aspects of Professional Performance and the Well-Being of Women in the Field of Education: Age Differences and Gender-wise Analysis of Correlation
The problem of the psychological well-being of women employed in the educational field currently still has a fairly wide range of unexplored issues. In this paper, well-being is considered in connection with the components of professional satisfaction and motivation, taking into account gender and age aspects. The study involved 140 people, including 103 women aged 20 to 75 years. The study was carried out using theoretical analysis of scientific literature, the Method for diagnosing the subjective well-being of a person (Shamionov & Beskova), Motivation Sources Inventory (version of Sidorenko), Job Satisfaction Survey (P. Spektor), Maslach Burnout Inventory (version by Vodopyanova & Starchenkova), Izard’s Differential Emotions Scale adapted by Leonov and Kapitsa, test “Personal differential” (adapted at the Bekhterev Research Institute). Statistical methods: Shapiro-Wilk test, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, pairwise comparison using the Dunn method, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Cohen’s q and z- test for comparing two sample correlation coefficients. As a result, differences between different age groups of women were revealed in terms of professional stress, well-being and burnout, as well as differences for women and men in relationship between the psychological aspects of their professional activities and personality traits, emotions and well-being.
Two-way Feedback with the Use of Digital Tools in the Classroom: Effect Size
The students’ learning outcomes strongly correlate with the level of feedback in the educational process. However, the analysis of the educational practice shows that the feedback provided in the modern educational process is not perfect. The aim of this research was to identify the two-way feedback mechanism, which can be used in the classroom at the stage of consolidating the material, and to evaluate its effectiveness. The research used the following methods: literature analysis and study of teaching experience, which helped to identify the most effective way to provide feedback in the lesson; a pedagogical experiment during which the feedback mechanism was tested at the consolidation stage in the lesson; diagnostic tests with subsequent statistical processing, which made it possible to judge the effectiveness of input feedback; survey, which provided an opportunity to assess whether the feedback mechanism introduced contributed to the self-regulation of educational activities of learners. The article reveals possible ways of implementing feedback in the classroom; develops a feedback mechanism that facilitates visible learning; and identifies the effect size of feedback at the stage of consolidating the material on learning success. The practical implication of the research is that by using the mechanism developed, the teacher and learners are able to make timely adjustments to the teaching and the learning, which contributes to the quality of the educational process and the formation of a visible educational environment.
Modular Approach to Educational Opportunities of Chess in the Training Process of Kindergarten Teachers
The success of the modern educational system often depends on the investment of new educational tools. A number of recent studies justified the use of chess as an effective educational tool in the development process of preschoolers. Introduction of educational possibilities of chess to educators during trainings, stimulates their professional competences.
The article discusses a training model for preschool teachers aimed at the formation of professional competences through acquiring prior knowledge on chess. The aim of the article is to describe a training model for preschool teachers.
The methodological basis of the proposed training program was to stimulate self-realization of the participants by introducing prior knowledge on chess in all spheres of a preschooler’s development. The effectiveness of the program was revealed by PARLA method, and the difficulties – through the Fishbone method by K. Ishikawa. The method revealed the insufficient formation of preschool teachers’ personal competences. The methods were used among 60 preschool teachers during 1,5 years. The experimental results justified the possibility of developing professional competences emphasizing personal competences and the importance of acquiring acme-qualitative results. The novelty of the research is clarified by the choice of sequential modules leading to the formation of professional competences. Practical significance – the proposed methodology can be used in various training programs for preschool teachers.
The Phenomenon of Self-Education: Review of World Research Contexts
Modern education overcomes institutional, age, and spatial limits. It provides each person with the opportunity to lifelong learning, and it also allows managing the learning process. Self-education as a proactive human activity for the purposeful accumulation of experience is becoming a relevant subject of scientific research. The research contexts of self-education in world science are the following concepts: «adult learning», «continuous learning», «continuous professional development», «informal learning», «lifelong learning», «non-formal learning», «self-development», «self-directed learning», «self-education», «workplace learning». A review of the segments of the subject field formed by these concepts was carried out. The main goal was to compare and determine the possibilities of using these concepts for the study of self-education in educational, organizational (professional) and life contexts. The articles indexed in the Scopus database served as the basis for the review. Quantitative indicators characterizing the prevalence of terms and the content of the sought-for concepts in the most cited articles were identified. The results showed that the significant amount of knowledge about self-education is concentrated in the segments related to the concepts of lifelong learning, self- directed learning, informal learning, and workplace learning. The most promising is the study of self-education of students or professionals based on the theories of self-directed and informal learning. The theories of self-directed learning are necessary to consider the initiation, implementation, and control of person’s proactive learning activities. The theories of informal learning are necessary to analyze the spontaneous, but meaningful experience accumulation in the process of various activities. The materials of the review, which describe contexts for the study of self-education, will be useful for scientists to determine the current research perspectives and select an adequate theoretical framework.
Psychological Barriers to the Acceptance of the Digital Educational Environment by Students of Russian Universities
The implementation of digital educational environment (DEE) in higher education is a complex and multifaceted process, often accompanied by opposition. The opposition may be due to various reasons, among which psychological barriers can be mentioned, for example, negative experiences in educational activity, personality traits that prevent DEE acceptance, an insufficient level of behavioral self-regulation. The identification of such barriers by university students was the main aim of present research. Using a sample of students from various universities (N=1059, age 22.3 ± 7.1 years), the following indicators were measured: attitude towards educational activity (Activity-Related Experiences Assessment technique); the resources of self-regulation (Self-Activation and the Style of Behavior Self-regulation questionnaires); personality traits (Big Five Inventory-2), and the attitude towards learning in DEE (AUDEE Scale). Cluster analysis (k-means method) allowed to identify two contrasting groups of students, differing in their assessments of the university DEE: acceptance group and resistance group. The selected groups differ in agreeableness and conscientiousness, and both of these qualities are higher in the group that has positive attitude towards learning in DEE. Acceptance group also has a higher level of self-activation and self-regulation: its members better plan goals, program their actions and model significant conditions for achieving goals. Students from resistance group make more efforts in learning activities with less pleasure, they are characterized by such experiences as meaninglessness and emptiness (void). At the same time, psychological barriers are of transient nature, and students are able to overcome them over time with appropriate support.
Estimating Accuracy of Quantity Representation During the Whole Schooling Period: Problems of Methods Development
The relevance and social demand for developing methods for measuring the accuracy of representation of quantitative information are associated with the need to analyze specific cognitive functions that underlie individual differences in speed and quality of learning in school. Expressed in symbolic, non-symbolic and mixed formats, representation of quantity is one of the most important cognitive functions that determines the success of learning mathematics. The article presents the results of the development and adaptation of three tests – “Number Sense”, “Number Line” and “Dot Number Task” – that measure the accuracy of the representation of quantitative information presented as sets of objects, numbers, and their combinations. The total number of study participants involved in the process of test adaptation amounted to 1,751 students in grades 1–11 aged from 6.8 to 18.8 years, of which 48.8% were girls. For each test, an internal consistency analysis was carried out, descriptive statistics were calculated, and the distribution of indicators of quantity representation accuracy at various levels of general education was analyzed. The results of the analysis showed satisfactory psychometric characteristics of computerized tests, which indicates their reliability and makes them suitable for application at the primary, basic and full levels of general education.
Professional Competence of the Teacher of Pre-professional Pedagogical Training of School Students: Development of Level Indicators
The relevance of the problem is determined by the general trends of pre-university education in the Russian Federation and the need to ensure the professional self-identification of school students in social and pedagogical professions, the creation of a network of psychological and pedagogical classes, which makes it essential to assess the teachers’ readiness to implement the ideas of pre-professional pedagogical training of school students. The purpose of the article is to develop and describe the level indicators for a teacher of pre-professional pedagogical training of school students. As the leading approach to the problem evaluation, a systemic approach was used, which made it possible to study the professional competence of a teacher within the context of the complex pre-professional training system. We have studied the professional competence of the teacher at the metasystemic level (following Belkina and Tsirulnikova’s classification, in which the subsystemic (intrapersonal) level, infrasystemic level (educational institutions), systemic level (social institutions) and metasystemic level (social and cultural pedagogical space) are distinguished in the system of pre-professional pedagogical training of school students). We regard teacher’s professional competence as a causal superstructure of universal pedagogical competencies acquired by students of psychological and pedagogical classes. As a result, the structure of the competence of the teacher of pre-professional pedagogical training of school students has been defined, competence levels have been identified, indicators for each level have been developed and described. The proposed materials fill to a certain extent the gaps existing in scientific studies in regards to the content and indicators of the competence of the teacher (trainer) of pre-professional pedagogical training; they may be applied in further scientific and methodological development of diagnostic tools and training programs for teachers of pre-professional education.
Transformation of the Content of Teacher Training in Russia in 1917-1941
This article examines the evolution of the content of teacher training in the period from 1917 to 1941. This problem is relevant because historical analysis of curricula helps to understand how the planning of the educational process took place and to draw lessons for the modern system of teacher education, which is in a state of continuous reform. It also examines the ideological component in teacher training, the process of introducing certain academic disciplines and its causes, and the changing structure of curricula over two decades. The study helps to trace not only the evolution of the planning of the educational process, but also the role of crucial historical events and individuals who influenced the formation of the content of teacher education in the period under study.
E&SD 18(3) September 2023
Contents
Aydar Kalimullin
Quality of Teacher Education in International Studies 6
Alexander Bermous, Roza Valeeva, Tatiana Baklashova
Transformation of Research and Innovations in the Sphere of Teacher Education: Reviewing the Results of the 9th International Forum on Teacher Education (IFTE-2023) 10
Manpreet Kaur Bagga
Being, Becoming, and Belonging: Professional Identity of Teacher Educators 38
Helena Šlebir Lekan, Andreja Istenič
Coaching in the Leadership for Development-Oriented Work in Educational Organization in a Crisis Situation 50
Loredana Perla, Laura Sara Agrati, Viviana Vinci
The Documentation for the School System Evaluation and the Teachers Professional Development: A University-school Collaborative Research in Italy 69
Maria Alzira de Almeida Pimenta
Competence of the Modern Educator: In Search of Finding Values (Brazilian case) 92
Valeryan Gabdulkhakov
Bilingual Education in Tatarstan 100
Mikhail Goshin, Dmitry Grigoryev, Pavel Sorokin
Parental Strategies and Agency of Children Engaged in Extracurricular Activities during the Pandemic 116
Vladimir Maralov, Marina Kudaka, Adlet Kariyev, Olga Krezhevskikh, Elena Agranovich, Larisa Ageeva
The Role of Self-Efficacy and Psychological Well-Being in Students’ Choice of Self-Improvement Strategies 135
Irina Nigmatullina, Elvira Sadretdinova, Veronika Vasina, Valeriya Stepashkina, Natalya Kryukovskaya, Aksana Famina, Nataliya Myodova, Evgenia Dergachyova, Galiya Abaeva, Meirbek Toktabaev
Educational Potential of Preschool Children with ASD 152
Valentina Solovyova, Natalia Inozemtseva
Identifying the Level of Medical Students’ Emotional Intelligence to Determine the Need for Improvement of the Educational Process 168
Guzaliya Fahrutdinova, Zarina Ibrayeva, Kulzhanat Bulatbayeva
Development of Multicultural Education in Tatarstan and Kazakhstan 184
Ruslan Khakimzyanov
Formation of the Identity of University Students Prone to Deviant Behavior 202
Vera Khotinets, Evgeniya Shishova, Yulia Novgorodova, Oksana Kozhevnikova, Daria Medvedeva
Cognitive Regulation of Junior Bilingual Schoolchildren in the Process of Learning a Third Language 215
Nadezhda Tsvetkova, Pavel Kislyakov, Kira Lagvilava, Natalia Semenova
Regional Specifics of Psychological Well-Being among Graduate Students of the Faculty of Psychology 230
Quality of Teacher Education in International Studies
This special issue of the Education and Self-Development journal presents articles based on the presentations of Russian and international colleagues at the 9th International Forum on Teacher Education (IFTE) held May 24–26 at Kazan Federal University.
One of the main missions of KFU is to unite the efforts of Russian and foreign scholars in the study of topical issues of teacher training. Unfortunately, for a number of reasons, the Russian system of teacher education was only fragmentarily represented in the international scientific and pedagogical community. Meanwhile, the historical past, traditions, features of political and socio-economic development have formed a rather interesting educational system in Russia. Therefore, the main philosophy of our scientific activity, an important element of which is the IFTE, has been and remains cooperation with scientists from around the world, studying the best educational practices, objectively covering the history and current state of teacher training in Russia, comparing them with global trends and processes taking place now or taking place at a particular historical stage.
Transformation of Research and Innovations in the Sphere of Teacher Education: Reviewing the Results of the 9th International Forum on Teacher Education (IFTE-2023)
The aim of the study was to organize a reflexive understanding of the issues and trends in the development of the research in teacher education in Russia through the analysis of some aspects of the International Forum on Teacher Education on the basis of Kazan Federal University (https://ifte.kpfu.ru/). In this context, three tasks were solved: the development of the concepts of the “field description” of conference activities; formation of a preliminary “field image” of the IFTE-2023, identification of leading trends and urgent tasks in the organization of conference events in the near future. The research methodology included three components: conducting a survey of the Forum participants, aimed at identifying existing priorities, attitudes in the field of teacher education; analysis of the topics of “key reports”; analysis of the statements of experts participating in the panel discussion on the problems of teacher education, held on May 25, 2023 as part of IFTE-2023. The results obtained allow us to draw conclusions in the following aspects: on the use of key ideas for the study of research and innovation activities in the field of education; generalized requirements for the design of conference-oriented events on teacher education; preliminary assessment of the relevance and significance of events; conditions for improving the quality and efficiency of conference discussions; priority areas of research on practical pedagogy; activation of public participation in interdisciplinary and inter institutional projects; priorities for the transformation of teacher education.
Being, Becoming, and Belonging: Professional Identity of Teacher Educators
Teacher education plays an essential role in shaping the quality of education, and teacher educators are central to this process. The paper explores the personal and professional aspects that constitute the professional identity of teacher educators, shedding light on their journey from classroom teachers to facilitators of fellow educators’ growth. This article delves into the intricate model of professional identity of teacher educators, examining the dimensions of being, becoming, and belonging within this dynamic role. The concept of ‘being’ a teacher educator encompasses the multifaceted roles and functions these educators undertake. The aspect of ‘becoming’ a teacher educator focuses on the transition from classroom teaching to teacher education. The paper examines the two prominent pathways into this role: the academic pathway, driven by advanced academic pursuits, and the practitioner’s pathway, chosen by experienced educators seeking a shift from schools to training institutions. The concept of ‘identity shock’ during this transition is explored, along with the heightened intellectual engagement that emerges as teacher educator’s grapple with new challenges and opportunities. The theme of ‘belonging’ uncovers teacher educators’ affiliations with various communities, each shaping their professional identity. The paper highlights the role of collective affinities in shaping teacher educators’ teaching methods, research endeavours, and leadership approaches.
Coaching in the Leadership for Development-Oriented Work in Educational Organization in a Crisis Situation
The crisis situation, the pandemic, with the closure of the educational space, has stimulated the integration of the virtual environment and digital technology into the educational space and has brought new leadership challenges. We investigated the experience of employees in the educational space (schools with adapted programmes, primary schools and secondary schools) during the pandemic. We found that employees experienced the negative aspect of facing the pandemic requirements for a virtual work environment. They were faced with the challenge of seeking help during the work process. They also had problems with remote work effectiveness, motivation and satisfaction. We were interested in the school leaders’ response to work, the role of the leadership in the process of employee adaptation, and how to identify, understand and use the development tool of coaching when working in a virtual environment. A development tool is an aid to the work process, which enhances work performance. The study confirmed that a development-oriented work process depends on a higher utility value of coaching, from a positive employee response to the use of digital technologies in the work process and leaders’ support in this. To the extent that employees were more open to using the Internet in the work process, they also reacted more positively to the new working conditions which required shifting online during the pandemic. A more positive response was also present in those where the leader’s support was higher. We also detected a more positive response to the work process among employees who expressed an opinion about the higher useful value of coaching during the work process. We found that employees’ response to online technologies was quite positive. Employees’ response to the virtual work process was positive. Employees were open to the use of online technologies if the role of the employer was supportive. This leads to a better development-oriented work process.